STAP Journal of Security Risk Management

A Comprehensive Review of Security and Privacy Challenges and Solutions in Autonomous Driving Systems

by 

dr Mohammed Amin ;

dr Youakim Badr ;

mr Qais Al-Na’amneh ;

dr Mahmoud Aljawarneh ;

miss Rahaf Hazaymih ;

dr Shahid Munir Shah

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Abstract

The rapid evolution of immersive technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) has transformed sectors ranging from entertainment and healthcare to education and industrial operations. However, the increasing integration of these technologies into daily life introduces a new landscape of cybersecurity and privacy challenges. This review paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of security threats associated with AR and VR systems, emphasizing the unique vulnerabilities that arise from their distinct architectures and user interaction models. We examine emerging attack vectors such as sensor spoofing, man-in-the-room attacks, data leakage through AR overlays, VR hijacking, and unauthorized motion tracking. The paper also explores crosscutting issues like biometric data misuse, identity theft in virtual spaces, and spatial-temporal data inference. A critical comparison is made between the threat surfaces of AR—where the virtual is overlaid on the physical—and VR—where users are fully immersed in synthetic environments. In parallel, we evaluate a range of mitigation strategies and defense mechanisms, including secure sensor integration, encryption protocols, context-aware access control, and privacy-preserving rendering techniques. The paper concludes by identifying key research gaps and proposing a roadmap for developing holistic and resilient security frameworks tailored to the future of immersive technologies.

Keywords

Augmented RealityVirtual RealityCybersecurity PrivacySensor SpoofingData LeakageVR HijackingMotion TrackingBiometricsMitigation StrategiesImmersive Technologies

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A Comprehensive Review of Security and Privacy Challenges and Solutions in Autonomous Driving Systems is licensed under CC BY 4.0CCBY

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